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                  <text>The leadership and governance collection highlights those women who dared to lead or govern. These women may have led countries or industries. They may have governed organizations or companies. Because women have historically been excluded from positions of power, it is important to acknowledge those women who were able to achieve positions at the top. Although a glass ceiling still exists in most societies, these women give us hope that someday that ceiling will be destroyed and that top roles in a company, government, or institution will fairly represent the half of the population comprised of women.</text>
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              <text>Sandra Day O'Connor was the first female appointed to the highest court in the land, the US Supreme Court. She attended Stanford where she earned a B.A. in Economics; she then graduated from Stanford Law in 1952. O'Connor graduated from law school at a time when it was still legal to bar women from certain programs or severely limited the number of women admitted to a program (Title IX of 1972 changed this). After graduation, she faced sexual discrimination when trying to find a job. Although she had graduated with high honors from an Ivy-league school, her gender proved a deterrent in finding a paying job. She ended up working as a deputy county attorney in San Mateo, California after offering to work for no pay. O'Connor worked tirelessly up the legal ladder. After a stint in the Arizona State Senate, she was elected to the Maricopa County Superior Court in 1975. In 1979, she was appointed to the Arizona State Court of Appeals. In 1981 , Ronald Reagan appointed her to the US Supreme Court fulfilling a pledge that he had made during his 1980 presidential campaign to appoint the first woman to the Court.</text>
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              <text>&lt;p&gt;PBS, Biography of the Robes: &lt;a href="http://www.pbs.org/wnet/supremecourt/personality/robes_oconnor.html"&gt;http://www.pbs.org/wnet/supremecourt/personality/robes_oconnor.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Decisions and biographical data, Cornell University Law School: &lt;a href="http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/justices/oconnor.bio.html"&gt;http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/justices/oconnor.bio.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>First woman appointed to the United States Supreme Court</text>
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                <text>Image: Ronald Reagan Presidential Library, NARA</text>
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              <text>Anne R. Davidow, a graduate of the University of Detroit Law School, went before the US Supreme Court to represent the plaintiffs in Goesaert v. Cleary (1948).  The case involved Michigan barmaids fighting for civil rights against a 1945 Michigan law that banned female bartending in cities with a population of over 50,000, unless their husband or father owned the bar (Michigan Public Act 133, 1945).  Davidow made the argument that sex discrimination violated women's constitutional rights by denying them equal protection and treatment under the 14th amendment of the US Constitution.  The barmaids lost, but after continuous fighting the law was overturned.  Davidow was no stranger to fighting for equal rights; she had advocated for women's suffrage atop soap boxes at factory gates.  One of only four female graduates in her law school class of 1920, Davidow gained the right to vote the same year she passed the bar examination.  An active feminist and lifelong member of the National Association for Women Lawyers, she once stated, “I was quite radical in the sense that I couldn’t see any reason a woman couldn’t do anything a man could do.” ("Longtime Lawyer," Detroit Free Press, June 25, 1991.)  No stranger to the labor movement, Davidow had served as co-counsel to Walter, Victor, and Roy Reuther, leaders of the United Automobile Workers in its early years. She fought for social justice her entire life.</text>
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              <text>French, Amy Holtman. "Mixing It Up: Michigan Barmaids Fight for Civil Rights." T&lt;em&gt;he Michigan Historical Review&lt;/em&gt; 40:1 (Spring 2014): 27-48.</text>
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                <text>Image: Michigan Women's Hall of Fame</text>
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