1 10 8 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/12374/archive/files/7c0888ac535c247a455425d7c28c9bff.jpg?Expires=1776902400&Signature=m9welwckd3yDLNaJXaIJzUaE-AllPD2XUP-WWcDvYxkIcGXTPC1pnED4RruHpbjaCuU593jvWKpXtQu65D96XoZY24NBUN7yu90KE8Qtgm87pnCK6Tk8C3PaA7r0CV0gWFxrsctiPA6cUpPkUBZlTlKQ8-NPDEguF6ptwU8Hrd0fH9ZqbS6jZYkgrbu7t9UeekD1V5TuCGrEP9rfBeyjlWZ1d27dBpDfFndWJzn2DfNrdooYMBmmnylKTmp0ccvG0DWb%7EKC8lzHbc9cR9Uy4N2%7EFC-J-x9B%7EHL1jFi8a2eX8NM6zUeFXhu3q2z8bCZJWVmJh0wW-YQCx0kbtVeYQSw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM e1e99b93e707245831b0a8d62d1637f0 Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 Height 399 Width 284 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Leadership/Governance Description An account of the resource The leadership and governance collection highlights those women who dared to lead or govern. These women may have led countries or industries. They may have governed organizations or companies. Because women have historically been excluded from positions of power, it is important to acknowledge those women who were able to achieve positions at the top. Although a glass ceiling still exists in most societies, these women give us hope that someday that ceiling will be destroyed and that top roles in a company, government, or institution will fairly represent the half of the population comprised of women. Person An individual, biographical data, birth and death, etc. Birth Date 1953 Birthplace Karachi, Pakistan Death Date 2007 Occupation Politician Biographical Text Benazir Bhutto was the first woman in an Islamic country to serve as a prime minister. She became the youngest chief executive in the world at the age of 35. She brought electricity to the countryside and built schools in her country. She survived an assassination attempt that took the lives of 100 bystanders. A few weeks later, there was a second attack. A gunman shot up her car before detonating a bomb, killing more than 20 bystanders and himself. She died as a result of that act. Bibliography Bhutto, Benazir and Mark Siegel. Reconciliation: Islam, Democracy, and the West. (HarperCollins, 2008). Published posthumously. Bhutto, Benazir. Daughter of Destiny: an Autobiography. (Simon and Schuster, 1989). Bhutto, Benazir. Pakistan: the Gathering Storm. (1983). Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Benazir Bhutto Subject The topic of the resource Former Prime Minister of Pakistan Description An account of the resource First woman of an Islamic country to serve as Prime Minister Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Amy French Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Image: Wiki Commons Islam Pakistan prime minister https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/12374/archive/files/dbdfb5e02426ca839c48c2f06a476f8a.jpg?Expires=1776902400&Signature=gdX7pL-uVtGp0DnkjU1l-O7CD18YnsBJUcF-GAl6oM8jUA4kyk7xXLstcZPr-nO9QzsXxuFYppKTSgTA-20caeOKun%7EUMvAeA1R5YmKbKgY9EAeJ-tlYkm6ZTCGkRJohP7NWanLAIx4egpzWEMOhjtORYMkuL88XFXXuPnIJThQTOTuvSTVJHgJRKQSFLbul7BUP%7EFtOWuHsWAFMB%7EiPf65AJCSa3Cr%7EdDu61-30lZ71slhGKlQ%7EroqDfCYQBdvvM0Fb75NbaX-vmw8JLj9r1ni3lcb942G5g3sc4vfP%7EqVogRuXIgS4CVm3ntJjHjALa6BRiaX4a5od%7EF%7EJ0zJyJg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 841954afa20d21d273082020f95b09e3 Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 Height 777 Width 640 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Leadership/Governance Description An account of the resource The leadership and governance collection highlights those women who dared to lead or govern. These women may have led countries or industries. They may have governed organizations or companies. Because women have historically been excluded from positions of power, it is important to acknowledge those women who were able to achieve positions at the top. Although a glass ceiling still exists in most societies, these women give us hope that someday that ceiling will be destroyed and that top roles in a company, government, or institution will fairly represent the half of the population comprised of women. Person An individual, biographical data, birth and death, etc. Birth Date 1882 Birthplace New York City, New York, USA Death Date 1962 Occupation Chair of the Presidential Commission on the Status of Women; Delegate to the United Nations, Chair of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights Biographical Text Married to Franklin D. Roosevelt, she was a controversial First Lady who spoke out for civil rights for women and African Americans. She was outspoken on human rights issues, children’s and women’s rights, and worked extensively for the League of Women Voters. She advocated for expanded roles for women in the workplace. At the end of her political career, she became chair of the United Nations’ Human Rights Commission. Bibliography Beasley, Maurine H. Eleanor Roosevelt: Transformative First Lady (University Press of Kansas,2010). Cook, Blanche Wiesen. Eleanor Roosevelt, Vol. 1: 1884–1933. (Viking, 1992). Goodwin, Doris Kearns. No Ordinary Time. (Simon & Schuster, 1994). Eleanor Roosevelt Papers Project: <a href="http://www.gwu.edu/~erpapers/">http://www.gwu.edu/~erpapers/</a> Speeches: <a href="http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/eleanorrooseveltdeclarationhumanrights.htm">http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/eleanorrooseveltdeclarationhumanrights.htm</a> Autobiography: <a href="https://archive.org/details/thisismyhistory008124mbp">https://archive.org/details/thisismyhistory008124mbp</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Eleanor Roosevelt Subject The topic of the resource Governance Description An account of the resource Ambassador and reformer, she advocated greater rights for women and minorities Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Amy French Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Image Source: Wiki Commons first lady Human Rights United Nations women's rights https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/12374/archive/files/a39531d1ed897046f86735542952ef6d.jpg?Expires=1776902400&Signature=byxr-HloTHZj7Q4WtSbnI3WZ%7EbaEQDFwxCp5IguxvXmG2JSfBLBGh5k3uE5TxzSwRPPbI009hwC9YrCTpbuHSXnfcARmb5cnn4l1Kc87M%7EyNQCiZAEa1isaTepmVxX29qGhOe4PUyUXNkQ4ZsQUFCnPXmgMLscaNxQDKVNf8Alk3fA%7E8gd0wfO91j0jgnvFT-CYaPT8cuQcNpQcxedDOEf4Q4WD6ack1izHZno22a8LThKKCfoebQqf47vnHqQasCEOHp6aNaRCuCUjY0%7ElPzi5qmroeGfXebtLxO6nv1YraR2PsHGOC7FjblGcWMHQNwp4HbPC024Tn-5OXaPE1FA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM b05703e6411c15603349294587c3686c Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 Height 374 Width 275 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Leadership/Governance Description An account of the resource The leadership and governance collection highlights those women who dared to lead or govern. These women may have led countries or industries. They may have governed organizations or companies. Because women have historically been excluded from positions of power, it is important to acknowledge those women who were able to achieve positions at the top. Although a glass ceiling still exists in most societies, these women give us hope that someday that ceiling will be destroyed and that top roles in a company, government, or institution will fairly represent the half of the population comprised of women. Person An individual, biographical data, birth and death, etc. Birth Date 1880 Birthplace Boston, Massachusetts, USA Death Date 1965 Occupation U.S. Secretary of Labor Biographical Text Perkins was the U.S. Secretary of Labor from 1933 to 1945; she was the first woman appointed to the U.S. Cabinet. Perkins championed the labor movement by overseeing New Deal legislation that safeguarded labor unions, established pensions, thwarted child labor, and ensured a minimum wage and a maximum work week. Bibliography Keller, Emily. Frances Perkins: First Woman Cabinet Member. (Morgan Reynolds Publishing, 2006). Pasachoff, Naomi. Frances Perkins: Champion of the New Deal. (Oxford University Press, 1999). Perkins, Frances. The Roosevelt I Knew. (Penguin Group, 1946). Frances Perkins Center: <a href="http://francesperkinscenter.org/">http://francesperkinscenter.org/</a> Lecture by Frances Perkins: <a href="http://www.ilr.cornell.edu/trianglefire/primary/lectures/FrancesPerkinsLecture.html?CFID=32089813&CFTOKEN=87545756&jsessionid=f0303f8dc2238566af60247d1a173f85b692">http://www.ilr.cornell.edu/trianglefire/primary/lectures/FrancesPerkinsLecture.html?CFID=32089813&CFTOKEN=87545756&jsessionid=f0303f8dc2238566af60247d1a173f85b692</a> Columbia University Oral History on Frances Perkins: <a href="http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/digital/collections/nny/perkinsf/index.html">http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/digital/collections/nny/perkinsf/index.html</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Frances Perkins Subject The topic of the resource Governance Description An account of the resource First woman to be appointed to the US Cabinet--as the Secretary of Labor, no less, in a time when wage work was considered outside woman's sphere Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Amy French Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Image: Wiki Commons department of labor first female Cabinet member new deal https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/12374/archive/files/c21d75bd084ef62697e307ce1a68a400.jpg?Expires=1776902400&Signature=QQkGR9lg1OiqvxqOHiz5pFIUhe4IvKRM26mW7r3cKC29P2kKCfY7QpSViY1kEQ-JJ%7Ez25t1XrgFJrPZaL4S0U6pdwTLPgkr-kmk6V8laJuSGEMgRlejYG-3MTXr8dOY3L6zj-b0KhZEwrqv1K24gMZDxsTSilJ0eF5U3qy-%7E%7Eltsz0u9AX7uzRihwSjPg59CoP8lWEpxfAQZ3eRiQnmbfEzgphPGnN4DBe7Tv%7ErlUNDNJO5MxaZcRDi24rfimiGqxqTqMBa2qExKeYCghUsvAFeBMndfWPsw0yGIEMcpqemX-cXJnxsimgKy6TPaf3KnDkMOARybL2nLFLP8bE4LrA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 7dcefeaedb9d791e7d8ceed7c2264360 Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 Height 313 Width 258 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Leadership/Governance Description An account of the resource The leadership and governance collection highlights those women who dared to lead or govern. These women may have led countries or industries. They may have governed organizations or companies. Because women have historically been excluded from positions of power, it is important to acknowledge those women who were able to achieve positions at the top. Although a glass ceiling still exists in most societies, these women give us hope that someday that ceiling will be destroyed and that top roles in a company, government, or institution will fairly represent the half of the population comprised of women. Person An individual, biographical data, birth and death, etc. Birthplace Egypt Biographical Text Born 1508 BCE; died 1458 BCE. Hatshepsut reigned as the first female pharaoh during the 18th Egyptian dynasty. She ruled longer than any other woman (22 years) and was considered by her subjects to be an extremely successful ruler. As pharaoh, Hatshepsut re-established trade routes with other countries that had been disrupted by the Hyksos occupation of Egypt. She oversaw a mission to Punt where many trade goods were obtained, notably myrrh. She commissioned many buildings that were grand and architecturally impressive, such as the Temple of Karnak and the mortuary temple complex at Deir el-Bahri. Her reign was a time of peace for Egypt. Bibliography Tyldesley, Joyce. Hatchepsut: the Female Pharaoh. London: Penguin Press, 1998. Greenblatt, Miriam. Hatshepsut and Ancient Egypt. New York: Benchmark Books, 2000. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Hatshepsut Subject The topic of the resource Egyptian pharaoh Description An account of the resource Female pharaoh who led Egypt into a time of peace and economic prosperity Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Amy French Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Image source: Metropolitan Museum of Art Egypt female pharaoh https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/12374/archive/files/54f3b26c60c09934c497410921b2b8be.jpg?Expires=1776902400&Signature=Cx1e5jUXqh8Fn0%7E0ladi7qwwRHKQWykyO2DJDF14ZBljoQ65uWi1S0jzDi4FTvNCv9AlLfdYrDGATCwpTfbW4GYaDbOq%7EUumnXD0M9wkY6N4MCvITGnKfW94rtv2dgwr7adKhoDWhhf65jfn3we7Xi7buxiLKlgPKSVnVuaOR4UuSODwdaUSuPvd5UDiQSOOgXw0FxVzgxS1IOODljGQN3MPBOZyRcggCaNWyB3nwzuHXVKQO3Gi0nfDBTyedUKzjayAnlhe1m-6KQh5vAdJZO%7EBVWH7BpztiZ9RpoNQ0-ie9L%7EwuIMI%7EbASKC1NAbpLf8uD7w6elrkrHGxFBY8nVw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 9a047561e0b1923994b3b9b8b984d45b Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 Height 683 Width 1024 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Leadership/Governance Description An account of the resource The leadership and governance collection highlights those women who dared to lead or govern. These women may have led countries or industries. They may have governed organizations or companies. Because women have historically been excluded from positions of power, it is important to acknowledge those women who were able to achieve positions at the top. Although a glass ceiling still exists in most societies, these women give us hope that someday that ceiling will be destroyed and that top roles in a company, government, or institution will fairly represent the half of the population comprised of women. Person An individual, biographical data, birth and death, etc. Birth Date 1947 Birthplace Chicago, Illinois, USA Occupation Former Secretary of State and former U.S. Senator Biographical Text Hillary Clinton is one of the most powerful women of the late 20th and early 21st centuries. A life-long activist for women’s rights, Clinton served as a New York Senator, as well as Secretary of State under Barack Obama. Clinton’s biography is a story of one woman who challenged gender norms and social confines. As Secretary of State, foreign leaders lauded her diplomacy noting her ability to bring parties together. She helped normalize relations with Cuba, brought sanctions against Iran, and helped US foreign relations with China. During her time in the State Department, she fought for women's rights both at home and abroad. In 2016, the Democratic Party nominated her as their candidate for President of the United States of America. Although not the first woman to be nominated for President (that honor goes to <a href="http://womenwhodared.omeka.net/items/show/56">Victoria Woodhull</a> nominated by the Equal Rights Party in 1872), she was the first woman to secure a nomination for U.S. President by a major political party. Having debated very well, and with the Republican party divided over its candidate Donald Trump, Hillary Clinton was the favored candidate by most pollsters going into the election day. She received the majority of the popularity vote, but not enough electoral votes to win the presidency. After decades of service to the United States, Hillary Clinton is not currently serving in an official governmental capacity. She has one daughter, Chelsea and a husband, Bill (former US president). Bibliography Allen, Jonathan and Amie Parnes. HRC: State Secrets and the Rebirth of Hillary Clinton. (New York: Crown Publishers, 2014). Clinton, Hillary Rodham. Living History. (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2003). Troy, Gil. Hillary Rodham Clinton: Polarizing First Lady. (University Press of Kansas, 2006). Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Hillary Rodham Clinton Subject The topic of the resource Politics Description An account of the resource First woman to be nominated by a major political party for the position of President of the United States of America. Former Secretary of State, former New York Senator, and life-long activist who continually challenges gender norms in US society and fights for social justic. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Amy French Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Image source: Wiki Commons female first first female presidential candidate first lady hillary clinton hillary rodham clinton presidential nominee secretary of state U.S. senator https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/12374/archive/files/27ce4b0cc4107dbbd550f74cce6a5e4d.gif?Expires=1776902400&Signature=ofzAlC6I4Nop-bi75kQsBpO-LMgHtzw1DieXXemumxs6TH9GaEfvhym46xkfr4HMNAkZjv42Z6luFfsjN%7EwMmfUKHaL1B7QvPukDMcHTdVxByhgqLtCBr44y2tGX7he5l3gWwGl%7E-OLTLq2UK7IGMJUsiIvWq%7Eiw13JS8mSj43AUIt--LB0-RzAUIaVIMJ5XpUPeaFffO8HP4wG8FCTBWZzEM57BP2-xunvyO-iKDm0e%7ERHRLCD2tuTnGP421d1on3XER4Rvu3a-uDhhEeOSfGg9E9L-gZEzngdLwssnrKh6bppPYlf-b9lAUrOPPKDzl40%7EgJOIewA0c%7E8EULLf5Q__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM a596d565547c78d6c8f15e0b5eb946a2 Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Bit Depth 4 Channels 3 Height 310 Width 216 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Leadership/Governance Description An account of the resource The leadership and governance collection highlights those women who dared to lead or govern. These women may have led countries or industries. They may have governed organizations or companies. Because women have historically been excluded from positions of power, it is important to acknowledge those women who were able to achieve positions at the top. Although a glass ceiling still exists in most societies, these women give us hope that someday that ceiling will be destroyed and that top roles in a company, government, or institution will fairly represent the half of the population comprised of women. Person An individual, biographical data, birth and death, etc. Birth Date 1867 Birthplace Delta, Louisiana, USA Death Date 1919 Occupation Entrepreneur Biographical Text Sarah Breedlove, better known as Madam C.J. Walker, is generally regarded as the first female self-made millionaire in the United States. She was an entrepreneur who saw a need and capitalized on it. There were few beauty products for black women. Walker's hair products, then, reinforced the femininity and beauty of black women, while attempting to ease real problems like dry scalp. In 1905, she first released "Madam Walker's Wonderful Hair Grower." Although critics, such as Booker T. Washington, worried that her product would lead to the internalization by black women of white concepts of beauty, Walker marketed her hair solution as helping hair grow—not straightening it. A successful marketer, Walker put the Madam in front of her name to give off a European feel. Walker also placed her image on her growing line of products, an excellent marketing move towards immediate brand recognition. She went door to door selling her products and eventually hired agents to help sell her growing product line. She organized the agents into clubs and gave them incentives to promote her values. Walker preached hygiene along with beauty and aided racial advance. She was a generous philanthropist who gave to civil rights organizations, social reform groups, and scholarships for young women. Bibliography Colman, Penny. Madam C.J. Walker: Building a Business Empire. (Millbrook Press,1994). Due, Tananarive. The Black Rose: the Dramatic Story of Madam C.J. Walker, America's First Black Female Millionaire. (Ballantine Books, 2007)> <a title="Madam CJ Walker Site" href="http://www.madamcjwalker.com/#&panel1-1">Madam CJ Walker Site: </a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Madam C.J. Walker Subject The topic of the resource Business Description An account of the resource African-American woman who started a successful beauty company and encouraged US citizens to see black women as beautiful Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Amy French Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Image: Scurbrook Studio, public domain beauty products businesswomen entrepreneur female businesses https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/12374/archive/files/0a38de16ee0281814f59827debd2fa3e.jpg?Expires=1776902400&Signature=GpvtUEh9JTbV-xig2ukAWZEe6mEA70KczsCjnH87pa%7E7KbA9TXRv5-XiybV5c9LJQEvswMg9wz3AM5YB4oMKn-bD88nADXyy2CkZm1G5iRtqhUW8GdSD6kzTGuIJU9CrS5FDhWL07I9sV90qNQsqywkLUE5qroYtMnflAzoe9HmJLyyQOaRD4wLYeONVEdctlDAiliCcimSwPy7m9mvBXBY7PVhw7eXaZQPxklAHPYfrtP2GLgopPl7MQ626M6iDl7e4XBYq-ow8mvAhdQxw06ZXsGjq7OZhwo7bGNxO2J7XRkfqOzaLGKR9%7E7XCST6mT%7EelS7os9ToUYcQdISKSWw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 835e9426d065748c912babdf126b40e5 Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 Height 591 IPTC Array a:1:{s:7:"caption";s:47:"��";} IPTC String caption:�� Width 750 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Leadership/Governance Description An account of the resource The leadership and governance collection highlights those women who dared to lead or govern. These women may have led countries or industries. They may have governed organizations or companies. Because women have historically been excluded from positions of power, it is important to acknowledge those women who were able to achieve positions at the top. Although a glass ceiling still exists in most societies, these women give us hope that someday that ceiling will be destroyed and that top roles in a company, government, or institution will fairly represent the half of the population comprised of women. Person An individual, biographical data, birth and death, etc. Birth Date 1930 Birthplace El Paso, Texas, USA Occupation Judge Biographical Text Sandra Day O'Connor was the first female appointed to the highest court in the land, the US Supreme Court. She attended Stanford where she earned a B.A. in Economics; she then graduated from Stanford Law in 1952. O'Connor graduated from law school at a time when it was still legal to bar women from certain programs or severely limited the number of women admitted to a program (Title IX of 1972 changed this). After graduation, she faced sexual discrimination when trying to find a job. Although she had graduated with high honors from an Ivy-league school, her gender proved a deterrent in finding a paying job. She ended up working as a deputy county attorney in San Mateo, California after offering to work for no pay. O'Connor worked tirelessly up the legal ladder. After a stint in the Arizona State Senate, she was elected to the Maricopa County Superior Court in 1975. In 1979, she was appointed to the Arizona State Court of Appeals. In 1981 , Ronald Reagan appointed her to the US Supreme Court fulfilling a pledge that he had made during his 1980 presidential campaign to appoint the first woman to the Court. Bibliography PBS, Biography of the Robes: <a href="http://www.pbs.org/wnet/supremecourt/personality/robes_oconnor.html">http://www.pbs.org/wnet/supremecourt/personality/robes_oconnor.html</a> Decisions and biographical data, Cornell University Law School: <a href="http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/justices/oconnor.bio.html">http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/justices/oconnor.bio.html</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Sandra Day O'Connor Subject The topic of the resource Law Description An account of the resource First woman appointed to the United States Supreme Court Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Amy French Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Image: Ronald Reagan Presidential Library, NARA first female supreme court justice judge law US Supreme Court https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/12374/archive/files/8d139adb391fc9a6b1f449701176a18b.jpg?Expires=1776902400&Signature=t0gwFp7r31GSnPb8VQeKO9SEHJhtF7ql59qqhnZFlRls1cHxfepEDWqUaXJoUuA5bcs4tbHjvf2ktQM9l0DJs7K%7EZGdCMkTzUZ6zRoHm5pajp9xW5spMYjeVyHj7tGYfBDOFNvMlxFU3znUcfiC0Nvq5XIY7kmCcGowjuvhgxU89yWoUgrR0EAYLSpbvh2TK8rP%7EwERqSJhK330PLk8d5wPZ5PhIUWhEGb%7EfV-ZYAY61L38RcHBVADZSkKA-qYRxtP0OkI5ym4I4bPY0X1uuE4q6U0T-T9GiJAe4KDYTWl1Ge%7E%7E-B246TdLpcOrlB8GtUbKRugfcV7oyzou-U0a4LQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM b388f1f9de22308bfe2de3f614849b2b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Leadership/Governance Description An account of the resource The leadership and governance collection highlights those women who dared to lead or govern. These women may have led countries or industries. They may have governed organizations or companies. Because women have historically been excluded from positions of power, it is important to acknowledge those women who were able to achieve positions at the top. Although a glass ceiling still exists in most societies, these women give us hope that someday that ceiling will be destroyed and that top roles in a company, government, or institution will fairly represent the half of the population comprised of women. Person An individual, biographical data, birth and death, etc. Birth Date November 30, 1924 Birthplace Brooklyn, New York Death Date January 1, 2005 Occupation Teacher and Congresswoman Biographical Text Women had won the right to vote just four years before Shirley Chisholm’s birth. Racial segregation was still the norm and women were expected to be maids, mothers, and homemakers. Colleges could require different standards from women applicants than men. There was no question of gender and racial inequality, it was a fact of life. Shirley Chisholm broke the mold society had created for women--she cracked it wide open. Shirley Chisholm was radical; her support for social justice, feminism, black nationalists, and her opposition to US foreign policy was far outside the norm. Yet she stayed in politics, trying to bring progressive change to the Democratic Party as another facet of a movement striving for equality. At the same time Chisholm was fighting her hardest to get Lewis Flagg (a black judge) elected to an all-white municipal court, Rosa Parks was refusing to give up her seat on the bus to a white man and Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was calling African Americans to action against inequalities. While Chisholm was running her campaign for state congressional office, the Greensboro sit-ins were capturing national attention. The year Chisholm was elected to the House of Representatives, Robert Kennedy was assassinated. Chisholm ran for the presidency in the period of mourning following assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. The nation was in turmoil and Shirley Chisholm was the revolutionary inspiration it needed to move forward. The firstborn of four daughters to first generation Barbadian immigrants in Brooklyn, Shirley spent her formative years (3-10 years old) in Barbados being educated in the traditional British fashion before returning to the States where she attended Brooklyn College. As a woman, her grade point average had to be five percent higher than a man’s to be admitted (Winslow 2014). She planned to eventually pursue education, one of the few fields viewed as open to women. While in college she joined and formed various political clubs such as the Harriet Tubman Society, Pan-American League, the Urban League, and IPOTHIA (In Pursuit Of The Highest In All). She didn’t view politics as a viable career choice however, because societal norms indicated that women, especially black women, did not belong in politics. She also had a basic awareness that racism and sexism often interacted in complex ways to restrain black women’s agency in social and political reform (Brown 2008). Instead of pursuing a Political Science degree, Chisholm earned a Masters in Education. Then, in 1936 she moved to Bedford-Stuyvesant and was the first person of color to join the 17th District Assembly (Ratmaa 2011), a political group representing the dominantly black district of Bedford-Stuyvesant. There she reinforced the value of female club member's contributions. She demanded to be a part of the assembly, despite the assumption that as a black woman she would remain seen but not heard. She teamed up with activist Mac Holder to create the Bedford-Stuyvesant Political League to help elect the first African American judge to the municipal court--a successful venture. (Pollack 1994) She then went on to form the Unity Democratic Club, which showed members how to push petitions and go door to door. In 1964, Chisholm decided to run for Assemblywoman in the New York House of Representatives, shocking black and white men alike. Many black men lashed at her for trying to carve out her own place in politics instead of just supporting the black men who were struggling to gain equality themselves. Scholar Valerie Smith has noted, “For some black men, Chisholm’s confidence and assertiveness brought to mind the negative stereotypes of overbearing black women.” (Brown 2008) She won the general election for Assemblywoman of the 17th Congressional District of New York and in her first ever vote as an elected official she broke party precedent, earning her a reputation for being someone with strong independent beliefs and convictions but also as a trouble maker. She introduced 50 bills, eight of which were passed. Shirley’s first bill protected domestic workers from unemployment and paved the way for the Domestic Worker’s Bill of Rights. Her second, SEEK, helped underprivileged minorities go to college. She passed a bill giving unemployment insurance and Social Security to agricultural and domestic workers, a goal of the civil and labor rights movement for over 30 years. She also fought for the legalization of abortion, which was partially achieved, at a time when just 4 of 207 legislators were women (Winslow 2014). She was reelected twice, with healthy margins both times. Then Chisholm had a bigger goal--the House of Representatives. She ran her campaign funded only by small donations from supporters, leading to her campaign slogan, “Unbought and Unbossed”. During the campaign Chisholm discovered she had a pelvic tumor and she was forced to stay in the hospital to recover from her surgery. Mere days after being released, Chisholm was once again campaigning. Her opponent, African American republican James Farmer, mocked Chisholm and claimed her gender made her unfit. His portrayal of her gender as a detriment enraged the women of the district who came out in droves to support their sister and lead her to a victory. Once in office, Chisholm assigned women to every position in her office, in an attempt to fight sexism and increase the number of women in politics (Ratmaa 2011). She was assigned to the House Agriculture Committee, but did not feel she could bring value to that position. Despite being told to accept it and be happy Chisholm went to a caucus for approving committee assignments to reject her assignment. She was told such a move might end her career but to be quiet was not in her nature. She was reassigned to the Veteran’s Affairs Committee, where she promptly began investigating accusations of racial discrimination in benefit distribution. Shortly after President Nixon announced he was cutting the Head Start program (a preschool funding program for needy school children) to fund the Vietnam War and a missiles program, she gave her very first speech to the House of Representatives announcing her intention to vote against all bills sending money to the military for a war she vehemently opposed. In 1972 with the nation mourning its assassinated civil rights leaders and lacking faith in Nixon, Chisholm announced her candidacy for President of the United States. Despite many hurdles, she was the first black candidate for a major party to advance to the presidential primaries. Although unable to secure the nomination to be the Democratic candidate, her victory sent a message of hope to many who had lost it. She continued to be politically active after her departure from the House of Representatives in 1983, working on Jesse Jackson’s first and second presidential campaign and serving as president of what is today the National Congress of Black women before moving to Florida for retirement. She died January 1, 2005 and is buried in Forest Lawn Cemetery, Buffalo, New York. Bibliography Barcella, Laura. Fight Like a Girl (California: Zest Books, 2016). Brown, Tammy. “A New Era in American Politics,” Callaloo 31 (2008): 1013-1025. Pollack, Jill. Shirley Chisholm (New York: Franklin Watts, 1994). Raatma, Lucia. Shirley Chisholm: Leading Women (New York: Marshall Cavendish, 2011). Winslow, Barbara. Shirley Chisholm: Catalyst for Change (Colorado: Westview Press, 2014). Primary Sources Unbought and Unbossed by Shirley Chisholm (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1970). Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Shirley Chisholm Subject The topic of the resource Congresswoman and Presidential Nominee Description An account of the resource First black female member of the House of Representatives and first black female candidate to run for a major party's nomination for President of the United States Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Natalie Delemeester Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Photo credit: Wikipedia shirley chisholm